Defining the danger zone: critical snow properties for predator–prey interactions
نویسندگان
چکیده
Snowpack dynamics have a major influence on wildlife movement ecology and predator–prey interactions. Specific snow properties such as density, hardness, depth determine how much an animal sinks into the snowpack, which in turn drives both energetic cost of locomotion predation risk. Here, we quantified relationships between five field-measured variables track sink depths for widely distributed predators (bobcats Lynx rufus, cougars Puma concolor, coyotes Canis latrans, wolves C. lupus) sympatric ungulate prey (caribou Rangifer tarandus, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, mule O. hemionus, moose Alces alces) interior Alaska northern Washington, USA. We first used generalized additive models to identify metrics best predicted each species across all species. Next, breakpoint regression thresholds support best-performing predictor (i.e. values wherein tracks do not appreciably deeper snow). Finally, identified ‘danger zones,' impedes mobility ungulates more than carnivores, by comparing relative hind leg lengths among pairs. Near-surface (0–20 cm) density was strongest Thresholds occurred at near-surface densities 220–310 kg m–3 300–410 prey, danger zones peaked intermediate (200–300 m–3) eight ten These results can be link with spatially explicit modeling outputs projected future changes density. As climate change rapidly reshapes snowpack dynamics, these provide useful framework anticipate likely winners losers winter conditions.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Oikos
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['0717-327X', '0718-4670']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09925